Acne is a common skin condition that occurs when pilosebaceous units (hair follicles and their associated oil glands) become clogged with excess oil (sebum), dead skin cells, and bacteria. It primarily affects areas of the skin with a high concentration of sebaceous glands, such as the face, back, chest, and shoulders.
Acne is caused by a combination of factors, including:
Excess Oil Production: Sebaceous glands in the skin produce an excess of oil (sebum), which can clog pores.
Clogged Pilosebaceous units: Dead skin cells can accumulate and block hair follicles and their associated oils glands, leading to acne.
Bacteria: The presence of Cutibacterium acnes (C. acnes), which can thrive in clogged pores, may trigger inflammation and infection.
Hormonal Changes: Fluctuations in hormones, particularly during puberty, menstrual cycles, pregnancy, or with the use of hormonal medications, can increase sebum production and lead to acne.
Inflammation: The body’s inflammatory response to bacteria and clogged pores can exacerbate acne, resulting in redness and swelling.
Stress: Stress can lead to increased hormone production, inflammation, and changes in the gut microbiome, which may worsen acne.
Genetics: A family history of acne may increase susceptibility, indicating a genetic component to the condition.
Medications: Certain medications, such as corticosteroids, can provoke or worsen acne.